Notes
UW: Hutchins Commission papers, University of Washington archives (donated by Ruth Inglis).
ZC: Zechariah Chafee papers, Harvard Law School.
1 James W. Carey, "The Mass Media and Democracy: Between the Modern
and the Postmodern," Journal of International Affairs 47 (summer 1993):
3.
2 Robert D. Leigh, ed., A Free and Responsible Press
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), iii.
3 Jerilyn S. McIntyre, "Repositioning a Landmark: The Hutchins
Commission and Freedom of the Press," Critical Studies in Mass
Communication 4 (1987): 154 n.3. Somewhat different accounts of the
origins of the Commission can be found in Elie Abel, "Hutchins Revisited:
Thirty-five Years of Social Responsibility Theory," in Robert Schmuhl, ed.,
The Responsibilities of Journalism (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame
Press, 1984), 39; Frank Hughes, Prejudice and the Press: A Restatement of
the Principle of Freedom of the Press, with Specific Reference to the
Hutchins-Luce Commission (New York: Devin-Adair, 1950), 21;
Norman E. Isaacs, Untended Gates: The Mismanaged Press (New York:
Columbia University Press, 1986), 100.
4 "About all we can say: Educator Robert M. Hutchins," Washington
Post, 5/16/77, C3. "All alumni: Chicago Loses Its Boy Wonder,"
Life, 2/19/51.
5 Robert T. Elson, Time Inc.: The Intimate History of a
Publishing Enterprise, 1923-1941 (New York: Atheneum, 1968),
4, 7, 7n. (capitalization omitted).
6 Harry S. Ashmore, Unseasonable Truths: The Life of Robert
Maynard Hutchins (Boston: Little, Brown, 1989), 275-282; Robert T.
Elson, The World of Time Inc.: The Intimate History of a Publishing
Enterprise, 1941-1960 (New York: Atheneum, 1973), 481; David
Halberstam, The Powers That Be (New York: Knopf, 1979), 56, 63; Dana L.
Thomas, The Media Moguls (New York: Putnam's, 1981), 130. "Time
gives both sides": Elson, Time Inc., 1923-1941, 8. "His judgments were
ad hoc": ibid., 89. "Very definite policy": Interview with Luce,
2/26/44, 2 (UW box 1, folder 1-45). "Show me a man": Michael Schudson,
Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers
(New York: Basic, 1978), 149.
7 "Address to the Commissars," in John K. Jessup, ed., The
Ideas of Henry Luce (New York: Atheneum, 1969), 35-43.
8 "The Future of Democracy: I," New Republic, 4/7/37, 255;
Jessup, ed., Ideas of Henry Luce, 13; José Ortega y Gasset,
The Revolt of the Masses (New York: Norton, 1932), 18.
9 Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown in
Transition: A Study in Cultural Conflicts (New York: Harcourt,
Brace, 1937), 380 n.
10 Harold D. Lasswell, Propaganda Technique in the World War
(New York: Knopf, 1927), 220; Lewis Perry, Intellectual Life in
America: A History (New York: Franklin Watts, 1984), 358-359.
"Astounding success," "sincere and gifted": Edward L. Bernays, Propaganda
(New York: Horace Liveright, 1928), 27, 92. "Cure for propaganda": Sidney
Blumenthal, The Permanent Campaign (New York: Touchstone, 1982), 42.
11 Nelson Antrim Crawford, The Ethics of Journalism (New
York: Knopf, 1924), vii, 37; Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd,
Middletown: A Study in Contemporary American Culture (New York:
Harcourt, Brace, 1929), 471. "Democracy functions": Conference on the
Press (Washington: Printing Corporation of America, 1931), 66.
12 James Bryce, Modern Democracies (New York: Macmillan,
1921), vol. 1, 103; Joseph T. Klapper, "What We Know About the Effects of Mass
Communication: The Brink of Hope," Public Opinion Quarterly 21 (winter
1957-58): 456; Shearon Lowery and Melvin L. DeFleur, Milestones in Mass
Communication Research: Media Effects (New York: Longman, 1983), 366-367;
Charles Edward Merriam, The Making of Citizens: A Comparative Study
of Methods of Civic Training (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931),
267. "Mass of mimeographed junk": Henry Suydam, Washington correspondent,
Brooklyn Eagle, in Conference on the Press, 69.
13 Will Irwin, The American Newspaper (Ames: Iowa State
University Press, 1969) (reprinting 1911 articles), 7; H.L. Mencken, "Learning
How to Blush," in A Gang of Pecksniffs (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington
House, 1975), 111.
14 Charles Fisher, The Columnists: A Surgical Survey (New
York: Howell, Soskin, 1944), 210-248; Lynd and Lynd, Middletown in
Transition, 378-379; Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism: A
History, 1690-1960, 3d ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1962), 692; Schudson,
Discovering the News, 150; Ronald Steel, Walter Lippmann and
the American Century (New York: Little, Brown, 1980), 279-282.
15 Douglass Cater, The Fourth Branch of Government (New York:
Vintage, 1965; orig. publ. 1959), 13; Lynd and Lynd, Middletown in
Transition, 378; Merriam, Making of Citizens, 213; Michael E.
Parrish, Anxious Decades: America in Prosperity and Depression,
1920-1941 (New York: Norton, 1992).
16 Charles E. Merriam, Political Power (New York: Collier,
1964; orig. publ. 1934), 189.
17 Donald T. Critchlow, The Brookings Institution, 1916-1952:
Expertise and the Public Interest in a Democratic Society (DeKalb:
Northern Illinois University Press, 1985), 8-9; Thomas L. Haskell, The
Emergence of Professional Social Science: The American Social Science
Association and the Nineteenth-Century Crisis of Authority (Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, 1977); Michael J. Lacey, "The World of the
Bureaus: Government and the Positivist Project in the Late Nineteenth Century,"
in Michael J. Lacey and Mary O. Furner, eds., The State and Social
Investigation in Britain and the United States (Washington, D.C.:
Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1993), 127-170; Perry, Intellectual Life in
America, 347. "Vision of an objective": Thomas Bender, Intellect and
Public Life: Essays on the Social History of Academic Intellectuals in
the United States (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993),
49-50.
18 Michael J. Lacey and Mary O. Furner, "Social Investigation,
Social Knowledge, and the State: An Introduction," in Lacey and Furner, eds.,
State and Social Investigation, 43; Perry, Intellectual Life in
America, 350-351; President's Research Committee on Social Trends,
Recent Social Trends in the United States (New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1933), v, xi.
19 Critchlow, Brookings Institution, 130-135; James T.
Patterson, Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of
the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933-1939 (Lexington:
University of Kentucky Press, 1967), 214-229. "Every national crisis": Perry,
Intellectual Life in America, 352 n.
20 "Popular rule": Lane Davis, "The Cost of Realism: Contemporary
Restatements of Democracy," Western Political Quarterly 17 (1964): 37.
Reporter without a deadline: Kenneth Stewart, News Is What We Make
It: A Running Story of the Working Press (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1943),
ix.
21 "Only way for a newspaperman": Stephen Bates, If No News,
Send Rumors: Anecdotes of American Journalism (New York: St.
Martin's, 1989), 91. "I believe that the people's will": Piers Brendon,
The Life and Death of the Press Barons (New York: Atheneum,
1983), 200.
22 Elson, Time Inc., 1923-1941, 54; Leo C. Rosten, The
Washington Correspondents (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1937), 300;
Stewart, News Is What We Make It, 309-310.
23 William Greider, Who Will Tell the People: The Betrayal of
American Democracy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 291.
24 "Collapse of the traditional species," "modern reflections upon
democracy": Lasswell, Propaganda Technique, 4-5. "Individual is a poor
judge": Harold D. Lasswell, Psychopathology and Politics (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1977; orig. publ. 1930), 194.
25 Critchlow, Brookings Institution, 9; Edward A. Purcell,
Jr., The Crisis of Democratic Theory: Scientific Naturalism and the
Problem of Value (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1973),
103-104.
26 Ashmore, Unseasonable Truths, 272; "Commission to Make
2-Year Study of All Phases of Press Freedom," New York Times, 2/29/44;
Mary Ann Dzuback, Robert M. Hutchins: Portrait of an Educator (Chicago:
University of Chicago, 1991), 222; "4-Year Study Finds Free Press in Peril,"
New York Times, 3/27/47; Isaacs, Untended Gates, 100;
McIntyre, "Repositioning a Landmark," 140.
27 Thomas Bender, New York Intellect: A History of
Intellectual Life in New York City, from 1750 to the Beginnings
of Our Own Time (New York: Knopf, 1987), 304-305; Barry D. Karl,
Charles E. Merriam and the Study of Politics (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1974); "Harold D. Lasswell," Current Biography
1947, 375-377; "Robert D. Leigh," Current Biography 1947, 386-388;
"Robert Redfield," Current Biography 1953, 511-512; "Beardsley Ruml,"
Current Biography 1943, 647-650; Philip Schuyler, "Press Freedom Probers
Provocative Pundits," Editor & Publisher, 4/1/44, 16.
28 "Zechariah Chafee," Current Biography 1942, 141-143;
"William Ernest Hocking," Current Biography 1962, 208-210. "That
pervasive aspect": Donald L. Smith, Zechariah Chafee, Jr.: Defender of
Liberty and Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1986), 1.
29 Scott Donaldson, Archibald MacLeish: An American Life
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992), ix; Bernard A. Drabeck and Helen E.
Ellis, eds., Archibald MacLeish: Reflections (Amherst: University of
Massachusetts Press, 1986), 175; Charles W. Dunn, ed., American
Political Theology: Historical Perspective and Theoretical Analysis (New
York: Praeger, 1984), 46; "Reinhold Niebuhr," Current
Biography 1951, 456-458.
30 Margaret A. Blanchard, "The Hutchins Commission, the Press, and
the Responsibility Concept," Journalism Monographs 49 (May 1977): 13;
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Prelude to Independence: The Newspaper War on
Britain, 1764-1776 (New York: Knopf, 1958); "George N. Shuster,"
Current Biography 1941, 791-792.
31 Donaldson, Archibald MacLeish, 348-65; Drabeck and Ellis,
eds., Archibald MacLeish, 78; Elson, Time Inc., 1923-1941, 68;
William H. MacLeish, "The Silver Whistler," Smithsonian (October 1983);
Schuyler, "Press Freedom Probers," 54; Thomas, Media Moguls, 131;
Current Biography entries for Hocking, Niebuhr, and Shuster.
32 "We all take our opinions": Ashmore, Unseasonable
Truths, 145. "Informal and irresponsible House of Lords": Merriam,
Making of Citizens, 213. "National policy in the next period":
C.E. Merriam, "Government and Society," in President's Research Committee,
Recent Social Trends, vol. 2, 1529. "Self-regulation must be
strengthened": Schuyler, "Press Freedom Probers," 54. "Enemy, not of the
government": Donaldson, Archibald MacLeish, 356.
33 McIntyre, "Repositioning a Landmark," 139; Steel,
Walter Lippmann, 363-364. "Unwieldy," "adequate criticism of an
activity": Robert Hutchins, statement released with Commission report, 3/27/47
(UW box 1, folder 1-43). "Newspaper business is so esoteric": Hughes,
Prejudice and the Press, 34.
34 "Editors Welcome Time-Life Inquiry into Press Freedom,"
Editor & Publisher, 4/15/44, 9, 60.
35 "Commission to Make 2-Year Study of All Phases of Press Freedom,"
New York Times, 2/29/44.
36 "Text of Hutchins Speech Before Society of Newspaper Editors,"
New York Times, 4/22/55.
37 Morris L. Ernst, The First Freedom (New York: Macmillan,
1946), xii; Leigh, ed., Free and Responsible Press, 37; Mott,
American Journalism, 636.
38 Simon Michael Bessie, Jazz Journalism: The Story of the
Tabloid Newspapers (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1938), 218; Mott,
American Journalism, 671-672. "All the news that isn't fit":
Bessie, Jazz Journalism, 19.
39 "Does not care a hang": Peter Odegard, The American
Public Mind (New York: Columbia University Press, 1930), 123. "The
editor has no objection": Brendon, Life and Death of the Press
Barons, 134.
40 Bryce, Modern Democracies, vol. 1, 97-98; anonymous [Drew
Pearson and Robert Allen], Washington Merry-Go-Round (New York: Horace
Liveright, 1931), 321-324; Rosten, Washington Correspondents,
41 "New Deal vote is an invitation": Brendon, Life and Death
of the Press Barons, 192. "Neither hate nor praise": ibid., 198.
42 "A Fictitious Public Interest," Wall Street Journal,
1/20/25, 1.
43 Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and
Modern Democracy (New York: Harper & Bros., 1944), 48; Thomas Sancton,
"The Negro Press," New Republic, 4/26/43, 557.
44 Boyce House, Cub Reporter (Dallas: Hightower Press,
1947); Phillip Knightley, The First Casualty (New York: Harcourt
Brace Jovanovich, 1975), 274; Graham J. White, FDR and the
Press (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 17. "If I
were writing": Daniel J. Boorstin, The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events
in America (New York: Harper Colophon, 1964; orig. publ. 1962), 20.
45 "Let Freedom Ring True," Time, 3/31/47, 67.
46 Zechariah Chafee, Jr., Government and Mass
Communications (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947), vol. 1, 11.
47 Doc. 48, April 1945 conference, cited in Doc. 92, Affirmative
Governmental Action to Encourage Better and More Extensive Communications, 48
(ZC 18.981). "Fundamental principle": Hocking memo, 8/1/45, 3, quoted in Doc.
84A, Report of Subcommittee on Relations of Government to Mass Communications,
3/4/46, 38 (ZC 18.911). "Government has final responsibility": Summary of
discussions, 6/5/45-6/6/45, New York City, 51 (UW box 4, folder 66).
48 Doc. 48, cited in Doc. 92, 48 (ZC 18.981).
49 "Silence ... hostile voices": Doc. 92, 53 (ZC 18.986). "Only
control": Chafee, Government and Mass Communications, vol. 2, 633-634.
50 Doc. 92, 48 (ZC 18.981).
51 Ibid.
52 Doc. 66, summary of discussions, 6/5/45-6/6/45, 49.
53 Ibid., 56.
54 "You make people responsible": ibid., 52. "Pernicious
impression": Doc. 76, Report of the Sub-
55 Doc. 76, minutes of meeting, 9/17/45-9/19/45, Chicago, 63 (UW,
box 4, folder 76).
56 Ibid., 64.
57 "Like many other members": Chafee, Government and Mass
Communications, vol. 2, 674-675. "Simple dogmas," "very helpful": Doc. 92,
50 (ZC 18.983). "Too much social control": Doc. 49, Niebuhr memo, quoted in
ibid.
58 Doc. 66, 49.
59 McIntyre, "Repositioning a Landmark," 155 n.23. "Do not use
coercion": Doc. 92, 39-40 (ZC 18.972-973).
60 Hilda M. Bryant, "A Free and Responsible Press: A Three-Year
Inquiry: An Intellectual History of the Hutchins Commission Study of the
American Press, 1943-1946," M.A. thesis, University of Washington, 1969, 76.
61 Ibid.
62 Ibid., 71-72. "Create that atmosphere of moderation": ibid., 72.
"Say his say in print": McIntyre, "Repositioning a Landmark," 144.
63 Leigh, ed., Free and Responsible Press, 23, n.1. "If you
make something a common carrier": Bryant, "Free and Responsible Press,"
72. "We don't have a right to print": ibid., 59.
64 Doc. 48, quoted in Doc. 92, 42, 44-46 (ZC 18.975, 19.977-79).
65 Ibid., 42 (ZC 18.975); Leigh, ed., Free and Responsible
Press, 84.
66 "It was unquestionably demonstrated": Chafee, Government and
Mass Communications, vol. 1, 24.
67 Doc. 66, 56.
68 Doc. 76, quoted in Doc. 84A, 44-45 (ZC 18.917-18).
69 Doc. 84A, 47, 51 (ZC 18.920, 18.924); Leigh, ed., Free and
Responsible Press, 87.
70 Doc. 84, Report of Subcommittee on Relations of Government to
Mass Communications, 4 (ZC 18.876). "May very well be a serious invasion,"
"Seems free from constitutional objections": Doc. 84A, 32, 52 (ZC 18.905,
18.925).
71 Doc. 84A, 36 (ZC 18.909).
72 Leigh, ed., Free and Responsible Press, 86.
73 Roger Simpson, "'Our Single Remedy for All Ills': The History of
the Idea of a National Press Council," American Journalism, forthcoming;
Doc. 76, 5-7. "We ought to keep the government": Doc. 76, minutes,
9/17/45-9/19/45, 49.
74 "Governmental action against a newspaper": Doc. 75, September
1945 conference, quoted in Doc. 84A, 42 (ZC 18.915). "Papers would gang up":
ibid., 41 (ZC 18.914). "Put a tremendous burden": Richard Wightman Fox,
Reinhold Niebuhr: A Biography (New York: Pantheon, 1985), 221.
75 Mark Fackler, "Moral Guardians of the Movies and Social
Responsibility of the Press: Two Movements Toward a Moral Center," in Catherine
L. Covert and John D. Stevens, eds., Mass Media Between the Wars:
Perceptions of Cultural Tension, 1918-1941 (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse
University Press, 1984), 191.
76 Doc. 76, minutes, 24.
77 Ibid., 125.
78 Ibid., 126.
79 Robert D. Leigh, Proposal of a Continuing Citizens' Agency in the
Field of Mass Communication, 10/29/45 (UW box 1, folder 1-50).
80 Ibid.
81 Ibid. "Professional experts": Doc. 76, minutes, 54.
82 Leigh, Proposal of a Continuing Citizens' Agency.
83 "Drop a seed to be taken up": Doc. 76, minutes, 126. "If the seed
falls on fertile ground," "Assuming the report is favorably received": Jerilyn
S. McIntyre, "The Hutchins Commission's Search for a Moral Framework,"
Journalism History 6 (summer 1979): 56, 63.
84 "Does it at all disturb": Doc. 76, minutes, 121.
85 Ibid., 121-122.
86 Ibid., 121.
87 McIntyre, "Repositioning a Landmark," 151.
88 Robert Maynard Hutchins, The Higher Learning in America
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1936), 43. "The kind of
continuing and authoritative": Doc. 83, Archibald MacLeish, draft of
general report, 1/21/46, 89 (UW box 4, folder 83). "Half-baked courses":
McIntyre, "Hutchins Commission's Search for a Moral Framework," 56.
89 "Experience has proved": Doc. 76, 6.
90 MacLeish draft, 28. "Crude choice": Leigh, Proposal of a
Continuing Citizens' Agency, 2-3.
91 "More tempting to the palate": Doc. 83, 62. "Plenty of reading
matter": Doc. 76, 3.
92 "If the people will not buy": Bryant, "Free and Responsible
Press," 89. "The public may not know": William Ernest Hocking, Freedom of
the Press: A Framework of Principle (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1947), 198. "We have to ask the press": ibid., 199.
93 "Public will never live up": McIntyre, "Repositioning a
Landmark," 147. "Mistaking themselves for citizens": Bryant, "Free and
Responsible Press," 121.
94 "To me, it is quite clear": Doc. 76, minutes, 123. "Flaming
document": McIntyre, "Repositioning a Landmark," 152-153.
95 Doc. 76, minutes, 107.
96 McIntyre, "Repositioning a Landmark," 153, 156 n.26. "Put in all
of the time": Doc. 76, minutes, 120. "Element of indictment": McIntyre,
"Repositioning a Landmark," 153.
97 Doc. 83, 64-66.
98 Ibid., 17, 30.
99 Bryant, "Free and Responsible Press," 130.
100 "We are so tender": ibid., 20. "At this point I could put in a
page": Leigh, letter to Ruth Inglis, 11/13/46, 2 (UW box 1, folder 1-13).
101 Leigh letter to Inglis, 2-3.
102 "Some of the cautious language": Louis M. Lyons, "A Free and
Responsible Press," in Lyons, ed., Reporting the News (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1965), 58 (originally published in Nieman
Reports, April 1947). "It might still be incorrect": Herbert Solow, letter
to Chafee, 2/20/48 (ZC 11.408). "Any sort of Log Rolling": Chafee, letter to
Solow, 3/4/48 (ZC 11.406).
103 "Text of Hutchins Speech Before Society of Newspaper Editors,"
New York Times, 4/22/55. "Very fair, moderate statement": "Report Aimed
Directly at Owners--Hutchins," Editor & Publisher, 3/29/47, 8.
104 Leigh, ed., Free and Responsible Press, v. The other
studies, all published by the University of Chicago Press, were
Chafee, Government and Mass Communications; Hocking, Freedom of the
Press; Ruth A. Inglis, Freedom of the Movies (1947);
Llewellyn White, The American Radio (1947); and Llewellyn White and
Robert D. Leigh, Peoples Speaking to Peoples (1946).
105 Leigh, ed., Free and Responsible Press, viii.
106 Ibid., 1, 18-19, 106.
107 Ibid., 20-21, 91-92.
108 Ibid., 14-16.
109 Ibid., 11.
110 Ibid., 5 (footnote omitted), 80.
111 Ibid., 19, 131.
112 Ibid., 80-90.
113 Ibid., 90-96.
114 Ibid., 96-102.
115 Ibid., 100-102; Smith, Zechariah Chafee, 112.
116 Blanchard, "Hutchins Commission," 29; "Commission Asserts Press
Menaces Itself," Editor & Publisher, 2/1/47, 62.
117 "The Commission Versus the Press," Public Opinion
Quarterly 12 (spring 1948): 131; "4-Year Study Finds Free Press in Peril,"
New York Times, 3/27/47; Leigh, letter to Ruth Inglis, 2/14/47
(UW box 1, folder 1-16); "Leigh Reports Britannica Aid to Commission,"
Editor & Publisher, 4/6/46.
118 "Dangers to Press Freedom," Fortune, April 1947, 2.
119 Ibid., 4.
120 "A Free, Responsible Press," Christian Science Monitor,
3/27/47; "A Free and Responsible Press," New York Herald Tribune,
3/28/47; "Freedom and the Press," New York Times, 4/1/47; Walter
Lippmann, "A Useful Contribution to Criticism of Press," Kansas City
Star, 3/28/47. I am indebted to Margaret Blanchard's "The Hutchins
Commission, the Press and the Responsibility Concept" for pointing the way to
many of these articles.
121 "Free Means Free," Wall Street Journal, 4/7/47; "Let
Freedom Ring True," Time, 3/31/47, 68; A.J. Liebling, "Some
Reflections on the American Press," The Nation, 4/12/47; "The
Press Is Indicted," Editor & Publisher, 3/29/47, 38; Frank Tripp,
"The Movies Join the Press," Editor & Publisher, 3/29/47, 9.
"Throws a pretty grim shadow": "Commission Report Under Fire
Generally," Editor & Publisher, 4/5/47, 13. "Downright lie":
"Free-for-all: Freedom of the Press," Fortune, June 1947, 40.
122 Frank Hughes, "'A Free Press' (Hitler Style) Sought for U.S.,"
Chicago Tribune, 3/27/47, 36B; Hughes, Prejudice and the Press,
62; "Free-for-all," Fortune, 24.
123 "Of a Free and Responsible Press," Journalism Quarterly
24 (June 1947): 188; Kenneth E. Olson, introduction to Hughes,
Prejudice and the Press, x. "I believe we can serve": Dwight
Bentel, "Journalism Educators Decry Lack of Facts," Editor &
Publisher, 3/29/47, 59.
124 "Jury of saloonkeepers": "Free-for-all," Fortune, 24.
"One in 10": "Forrest Says Report Helps Destroy Prestige of Press,"
Editor & Publisher, 3/29/47, 11. "11 professors": Jerry Walker,
"'Press Fails to Meet Needs of Society,'" Editor & Publisher,
3/29/47, 7.
125 "Dialogue," Center Magazine, March-April 1987, 28.
220-222.
committee on Untruth and
Unfairness in the Press, 10/26/45, 5 (UW box 4, folder 76).